Space For The New Orthopedic Service Line Construction Essay Example For Students

Space For The New Orthopedic Service Line Construction Essay Before the assurance to build is resolved there are a few mitigating factors that must be viewed as first which are: making customer considers dependent on progressively characterized network association, making statistical surveying to see the area to develop the establishment, taking clasp with the other specializer or segment gatherings to tune in to their contribution on developing the establishment given their past cognizance, taking clasp to focus on the other not-for-benefits inside the city and the territory to investigate their vital spots, and some other comprehension starting that can be used to do the best assurance on developing the clinical office. We will compose a custom article on Space For The New Orthopedic Service Line Construction explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The thought to focus is run into the requests of our conceivable essential customers or patients, any back uping current customers, proficient clinical staff, board individuals from the hospital or clinical gathering so as to run into the viewpoints of the five twelvemonth vital program. Another assurance could be to focus non on holding patients come to us yet developing the workplace in region networks which is the new point of convergence for building littler clinical office close to shopping which makes it progressively advantageous for patients. In reconsidering the upsides of developing the new establishment there are little wholes given area of the establishment, for example, if the establishment was based nearby it would be an expected entirety of $ 600,000 versus the establishment being fabricate following to the grounds which is a little expansion of $ 700,000 which is a distinction of simply 100,000. By developing an auxiliary establishment there would be additional expense for building an additional MRI which would be about $ 3,000,000 by the by, the off-set would be additional patients could utilize the MRI which would expand net. By developing the establishment the doctor bunch can use the develop of work to-suit so as to design an establishment that has the ability to focus on unbounded effectiveness and boost productiveness. When mapping out projects for developing an establishment one feature is the expense of per square pes to focus on. So if our clinical office is between 6,000-7,000 and $ 350.00 per square pes which incorporates the land buy fiscal worth which would be furthest constraint of $ 2,450,000. Nonetheless, in the event that we assemble an office that is 10,000 square pes the fiscal worth dabs by $ 200.00 per square pes which so rises to $ 1,500,000 which would be not exactly the main aggregate the better assurance is develop the 10,000 square pes building so in part there would be more structure at less expense and space to spread out. At the point when a clinical foundation is sing spread trip it is amazingly essential to focus on the four nations recorded underneath: Quality and Safety Administration Excellence Staff Achievement Development and Profitability By developing an establishment the point of convergence will hold a more grounded achievement rate given the individualized area and having the option to hold a greater effect dependent on being mixed in with the hospital Numberss. In the event that the structure were assembled the classes going to might increment to gt ; 75 % and the CMS orthopedic file set could other than increment to gt ; 90th percentile which would explicitly better the quality and wellbeing point of convergence. By being in an area that is available by patients the smash hit apparatus is by expression of oral cavity of the patients and they may probably expand the characteristic of this progression of gt ; 90th per centum each piece great as the doctor fulfillment mark which all things considered would run into the administration greatness steps of the establishment given the area the structure is implicit. The other feature would hold a nearby clinical office that has some expertise in orthopaedicss may reduce accord of the hospital by lessening the medical procedures which is at 14,800 and decreasing the figure of ER visits which is by and by 36,100 which in curves would build gross of the clinical office. By ramifying off from the hospital and building an establishment the doctor gathering would get down from the earliest starting point and higher the best orthopedic nursing staff to think about the patients and given the positive condition of the new office the keeping pace of the staff would increment to gt ; 90 % which would better the staff achievement steps. Last, the careful cases could increment to more than 2100, and the non-intrusive treatment visits could increment to more than 6,500 given the size of the structure and entirety of specialists of healers that were recruited to think about patients. This would thusly expand the outskirt of more noteworthy than $ 2,171,500 which would rise above the developing and benefit steps. Another progression to focus on is the income upgrade factor in light of the fact that a worry can take away the income improvements taken out on the development on a one-year balance which can be an incredible cost retirement funds including taking away association on the buy advance, effects income improvements and other adjustment disbursals. Developing this clinical office it would execute an effective vital program plot in the sheets five twelvemonth program and increment non only in volume and improved financial open introduction for the hospital concern. It will thusly expansion administrations offered to the network by using the most progressive assaults to prevent, or analyze, including taking care of malady forms affecting 1000s in the network. Outline1 B. Purchasing SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE.2 c. Renting SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE.3 2. Talk THE DISADVANTAGES ( LIABILITIES AND RISKS ) FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING Option:4 a. Building SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE.5 B. Purchasing SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE.6 c. Renting SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE.7 3. Prescribe WHAT YOU CONSIDER TO BE THE BEST OPTION FOR THE FACILITY. B. Purchasing SPACE FOR THE NEW ORTHOPEDIC SERVICE LINE. Focal points of buying would incorporate the income upgrade benefits for representation the contribution on possessions income improvements including home loan could be charge deductable and the contributing effects completely could perchance expostulate and the costs included with having this sort of endless considered as business could other than be income improvement deductable. Whenever buying a previous building it gives increasingly opportunity to change over the limitless to the worry requests which can incorporate developing onto the bing effects, or reconfiguring the assets for a superior concern stream outcome or even remotion of specific pieces of the things. The income improvement factor would other than incorporate any kind of advancements that are made to a business existent domain contributing could be deducted for up to 39 mature ages. A devaluation of a structure could be taken into history for 39 mature ages each piece great which is another bit of leeway. In the event that the structure is bought for $ 251,000 and express the land it remains on is esteemed at $ 61,000 so the organization could make off a spot not exactly $ 5,500 yearly. The one-year contribution can other than be deducted on the buy credit, any kind of possessions income upgrades and additional disbursals that measure up under income improvement codifications. When acquiring cash for a business contributing from any loaner the per centum could be between 60 % - 80 % or considerably higher given the expansion for being clinical clients which could be up to 90 % for a securing cost or undertaking cost which can require a sort of contributing of the left over hard money and specify that the distinction in hard cash be reinvested in the worry wherever between 10 % - 40 % . A bank loaner could require a higher initial installment yet in return incorporate a reasonable appropriation term would be haggled in the agreements. The bit of leeway to buying a business building is that a bank loaner sees proprietor involved sort worries in a clinical limit all the more well and would permit the appeal for advancing. In buying a business structure there would be no lease lodging and the home loan would be a set entirety every month so that there is an away from of any expenses in the great beyond. The fixed/variable cost factor is costs that would be set especially if the fixed-rate sort of credit was given for the effects. As a marketing point to having business effects if the estimation of the things has expanded that is another preferred position for doing expanded total compensation. The grip factor is viewed as a second worry for outline it could be viewed as existent home venture by the organization. On the off chance that there is extra new vast the assurance could be made to rent out pieces of the structure to outside opportunities to make additional pay from the lease of those gatherings. .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 .postImageUrl , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5:hover , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5:visited , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5:active { border:0!important; } .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5:active , .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u28cf9fec34d84c33955e35c0997de5e5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel

Identifying Criteria Set For Multicriteria -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Identifying Criteria Set For Multicriteria? Answer: Introducation Bunnings Group Limited is an Australian global organization possessed by Wesfarmers since 1994. It works in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and in Ireland. The organization was at first established in 1887 in Western Australia and performed exercises, for example, sawmilling. Later on in 1952, the organization turns into an open organization and at the same time extended its activities in retail industry, and in tool shops. In 1990s, association began extending its business in the abroad advertising and with this impact; organization opened its first stockroom style store in Melbourne in 1994. Bunnings as of now works in excess of 300 store areas alongside the retails chains, for example, Home Timber and Hardware, Miter 10 and different retailers. With this impact, association has 20% piece of the overall industry in the Australian retail equipment industry. Companys item offering is wide and colossal. They give one of a kind and helpful items to DIY ventures, for manufacture rs just as extravagant things which are valuable for remodel sort of strategies. Alongside this, they likewise give fittings to washroom and kitchen, flooring materials, lightning items, paint, equipment and apparatuses, window decorations, and so on. (Bunnings Warehouse, 2018). The point of this report is to extend the matter of Bunning Group Limited in Asian nations with the target to build their incomes and nearness in the worldwide market. While executing the exploration strategies, association saw that the Singaporean market will be increasingly reasonable for Bunning Group restricted so as to grow their activities. Bunnings Warehouses are not reached to the Asian nations and for improving their global methodology, Singaporean market have been picked. The report will incorporate the examination techniques utilized for choosing the market, advertise passage systems so as to accomplish the ideal objectives and the targets. Aside from this, the report will incorporate the market system proposals under which the companys PESTLE and SWOT investigation will be performed. The following of the report will incorporate the promoting blend suggestions through which a compelling position will be created in the Singaporean market. Alongside these systems, special an d promotion techniques will likewise be canvassed in this report with the goal to upgrade the market nearness of the association in the universal retail chain industry. Assessment of chose target showcase So as to choose the objective market for the association with the thought process to build their worldwide nearness, Singaporean market has been picked. Singapore showcase has been chosen because of various crucial components, for example, nearness of large retail organizations in and the developing economy rate. Aside from these components, association can elevate its presentation in the objective market with the assistance of its own administrations and item contributions. Just scarcely any contenders are accessible which plays out indistinguishable functionalities from of Bunning Warehouse. Their remarkable items and administrations are the significant purpose behind their prosperity and development, with this; they had built up a powerful situation in Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland and in United Kingdoms showcase (Tabrizi, et. al., 2014). In the inquiry activity of the objective market, association has utilized optional research strategy which is otherwise called the work area look into. In this examination strategy, association could use the data previously inquired about by the brain research, papers, diaries, articles just as through advanced stages. Data shared by sites could likewise be utilized for coming to an official conclusion in connection with the thought process to extend the business tasks of association in the worldwide market. This strategy incorporates inside work area look into and the outside work area research and it encourages the association to decide the most suitable procedure in significance with recognizing the economic situations of Singapore with the rationale of setting up a successful situation in the objective market. This will assist the association with acquiring the particular piece of the pie in the objective market alongside deciding the chances to extend the business in the worldwi de market (Water, et. al., 2014). Market section suggestions There are various market section alternatives accessible for the business venture to go into the local or global market with the rationale of extension. Before the adjustment of most suitable technique, it has been prescribed to the association to inquire about the future parts of the market section systems in significance with getting the ideal objectives and the destinations. Alongside this, the assurance of the elements related with the market passage alternatives is essential with the goal of fruitful development in the objective market. Following are sure suggested showcase passage procedures for the Bunnings Group Limited so as to make the development compelling and result arranged: Joint Venture: It is a specific type of organization which includes two organizations cooperating on a specific undertaking. This type of association is accomplished for certain timeframe so as to achieve the ideal assignments. Two organizations spent significant time in their segments consent to take a shot at a similar undertaking for achieving their objectives. Economic situations and nature assumes essential job in the activities of these sorts of firms as these are framed for a constrained timeframe so as to achieve the ideal undertaking. By and large, benefit sharing proportion among the organizations is equivalent else it relies upon their common comprehension. Bunnings Group Limited could come into a joint endeavor kind of firm with a notable brand in the Singaporean market. This will assist the association with understanding the business situations conditions just as it will assist them with ascertaining the open doors for setting up their image picture successfully. The bes t case of joint endeavor kind of firms is Sony and Ericsson, them two chose to make the phones and for an extensive stretch of time, this joint endeavor appreciates the main situation in the market. Therefore, it has been prescribed to the Bunnings Group Limited to work their functionalities in the Singaporean market as joint endeavor kind of business substance (Morschett, Schramm-Klein Swoboda, 2010). Establishment: Franchising is a run of the mill North American procedure which is utilized for extension of the business in the worldwide just as in the local markets. Presently this procedure is being utilized by different pieces of the globe likewise so as to achieve their ideal objectives and the goals. This type of business endeavor is significantly utilized by the cheap food organizations under which same kind of food things and drinks are conveyed to its shoppers. Bunnings Group Limited could receive this procedure in pertinence with setting up their solid picture in the Singaporean market. This type of business will be embraced uniquely by assessing the interest of the items and administrations conveyed by the association in the objective market. Without fitting data, association would not have the option to gain the suitable piece of the pie in the objective market. In an establishment model, association needs to give the subtleties of their business to a pariah of the object ive market with the rumored brand name. With the assistance of the compelling brand picture, business could without much of a stretch be set up alongside the fulfillment of the objectives, goals and target to set up a one of a kind picture in the market turns into a simple undertaking (Moore, Doherty Doyle, 2010). Authorizing: This is a general method of passage into the new market; it includes gigantic desk work under which organization gets the option to sell its items and administrations in the objective market consenting more than a few conditions, rules and guidelines. With the assistance of this system, association would have the option to achieve its assignments in a viable way. Aside from this, association will get the official permit to play out its functionalities in the objective market with the thought process of gaining a different and significant situation in the objective market. Bunnings Group of Limited is playing out its activities in a few nations, along these lines, it is required to embrace the most fitting business sector passage system for keeping up the brand picture of the association. Alongside this, it is important for the association to procure the suitable offer in the market with the goal of expanding its adequacy in the global market (Glowik, 2016). Direct Exporting: This system is utilized for exchanging the global markets without indicating its essence in those business sectors. This method includes the selling over the interest and this methodology includes dealer, purchaser and specialist from both the nations which will support the vender and purchaser to achieve the undertaking in a compelling and fitting way. Operators and merchants turns into the face for the organization since they are the individuals who have exchanged with its shoppers for the organization. Accordingly, they assumes essential job in these sorts of exercises and for the organization, these kinds of representatives convey immense significance (Omar Porter, 2010). Among these market passage procedures, Bunnings Group Limited could embrace the most fitting methodology in connection with their objectives and targets. Bunnings Warehouse has built up a rumored position in the worldwide market with its boss degree of administrations. Alongside this, the organization is significantly known for conveying the basic items and administrations to its buyers so as to build their adequacy. Evaluating the authoritative working strategy and the future economic situations, it has been prescribed to the Bunning Group restricted that permitting or joint endeavor kind of market section procedures could be embraced in significance with setting up a successful situation in the objective market. In examining to this, authorizing and joint endeavor ty

ZigZag 10

ZigZag 10 Episode 10 of MITs video podcast, ZigZag, has been released. It contains a piece about the annual Freshman Photograph, the Kendall Square BioBash, and the fire truck hack. My favorite piece, though, is about the Orientation Activities Midway; I loved getting to talk to students and hear all about their groups. Check it out! WARNING: The host (me) is wearing a very video unfriendly shirt in this vodcast! (youve been warned) [click on the image to watch ZigZag] If you like ZigZag and would like to get it automatically in your iTunes, you can subscribe to the iTunes Podcast. If youd like to subscribe and use a podcatcher other than iTunes, copy this URL and paste into your podcatcher: http://vodcast.mit.edu/zigzag/main/rss.xml Also today in video podcasts: Amanda Across America features MIT artist Pia Lindman. Check it out. Finally today in videos from across the web, Weird Als new video has an MIT mention (First in my class here at MIT, he sings, apparently unaware that we have no class rank or valedictorian). Anyway, White Nerdy is a parody of Ridin' (Ridin Dirty) by Chamillionaire, and is seriously funny. Check it out. Okay, thats enough distractions enjoy!

Deployment And Integration The Most Stressful Phase Of A...

Deployment and integration is one the greatest challenges military families and children have to face on a daily basis. When a family member deploys or reintegrates within the entire family, it not only affects the service member but it affects the entire family. Deployment can often lead to families and children, experiencing a negative mental health outcomes and compromised wellbeing. Bello (2015) found that most families and children (80.5% required less than one month to adjust to the return of their deployed parent (Bello, 2015). Accordingly, the families and children are often quick to adjust to having their family member back in the home. Interestingly, discoveries are surprising in light of the fact that when contrasted to another family, the discoveries are definitely unique. Boberiene (2014) found that three out of every four families feel that reintegration after the first three months is the most stressful phase of a deployment (Boberiene, 2014). This is because the fami ly experiences many emotions while the member is away. It appears that, families and children didn’t require as much time to adjust to reintegration as much as the families did in Bobriene’s (2014) study. It may be that all families and children handle reintegration differently and some may require more time than others. The results in Boberiene’s (2014) study is similar to what Chandra (2009) had said about families and children, she stated that the number of months for deployment had a hugeShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Deployment / Or Reintegration Of Military Parents On Children Essay3604 Words   |  15 PagesEffects of Deployment/or Reintegration of Military Parents on Children. Deployment and integration are one the greatest challenges military families and children have to face on a daily basis. When a family member deploys or reintegrates within the entire family, it not only affects the service member but it affects the entire family. Deployment can often lead to families and children, experiencing a negative mental health outcomes and compromised wellbeing. Bello (2015) found that most familiesRead MoreThe Issues And Effects Of Military Families4456 Words   |  18 Pagesfamilies and how they cope with deployments and reintegration. That is, by exploring many interventions and programs such as Operation Purple Camp, Military Child Education Coalition, and Families Overcoming under Stress. These programs should be utilized more often in order for families and children to effectively cope with military stress from deployments and reintegration. Three common themes that were analyzed in the literature review which are 1) Effects of Deployment and Reinte gration of MilitaryRead MoreThe Is An Active Practitioner Into Agile Or Not2425 Words   |  10 Pageswhich creates enthusiasm among the people concentrated with development and implementation of the software. 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Politics and Ethics - 2332 Words

Politics is truly one of the greatest developments that mankind has ever had the notion to make. Can you imagine our lives without? I really cannot see our lives operating as smoothly without the existence of politics in one form or another. Almost everything we do in our lives is somehow linked either directly or indirectly to some sort of political ideology. Whether you are buying a candy bar at the store or negotiating international business mergers, politics has had a hand in it. Since politics has being in existence for thousands of years and molds so much of our lives, why is still such a confusing process with so many dissatisfying outcomes? The fact is that politics, to an extent, has to be confusing due to the fact that many†¦show more content†¦Out of the two, ethics is the only real contender that should hold any weight in helping/guiding us in the correct direction. In addition to these two factors, needs and wants also need to be understood in the politic al world. Like human nature, wants do not really have a place in the political arena. They may provide for what seems like a good idea at the moment, but in all actuality they dont necessarily accomplish many positive outcomes. For these reasons, I feel that is of paramount importance to allow our political ideology to be guided by ethics and needs; for they are truly the only two factors that ensure an overall positive outcome even if they do not present the best looking plan at the beginning. Political Ends: Common Good or Public Interest This is an interesting topic since it is closely related to the prior issue of ethics and human nature. When talking about political ends you have to ask yourself what values and purpose you would like to see at the end. Like human nature and ethics, you have to form a political ideology that will effectively separate what you want, and what you need. Once a political ideology has been decided upon, you then have to decide what institution is best suited for the outcome that you desire. For example, if what a person or group really desires is anarchy, then it does not make any sense for them to try to achieve there objective through political institutions.Show MoreRelatedEthics and Politics6983 Words   |  28 Pages[pic] [pic] Strategic Leadership and Decision Making 17 LEVERAGING POWER AND POLITICS The challenges faced by strategic leaders in implementing complex and long-range consequential decisions demand that they be sophisticated with respect to issues of leadership, power and influence. The changes that are shaping the nature of work in todays complex organizations require that we develop the political will, expertise and personal skills to become more flexible, innovative and adaptive. 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Immanuel Kant `To Perpetual Peace` Free Essays

Introduction: A common man, an intellectual, a philosopher and even a spiritual personality in his disposition at the secular level— are all conditioned by time. Their speech and writings strongly reflect the social life and beliefs of the era to which they belong. They mostly analyze and interpret what they see and experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Immanuel Kant `To Perpetual Peace` or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) or Immanuel Kant are no exceptions. Kant and Hobbes: Where do they stand? Before attempting to understand the views of Kant and Hobbes, one important problem with such mind-level intellectuals needs to be examined. All the arguments and counter-arguments are mind related problems. Their force lasts up to the mind-barrier only. Once the mind barrier is crossed, these philosophers will shake hands with each other, without any reservations. The inner world being the fountainhead of bliss, the communion with it paves the way for eternal happiness. Happiness of Kant and melancholy of Hobbes are the outcome of their own positive and negative thoughts respectively. The desire for peace and eternal happiness so eagerly sought by either these philosophers (or thinkers as one may wish to address them), calls for thought control or mind control. No King, no Dictator, no President, no Chairman, no Military Dictator, no Philosopher can bring peace in his area (country) of governance, unless peace prevails in the hearts and minds of each citizen. It can be achieved by an individual only. From the point of view of relationship between the State and People, it is true that the people need to be basically sound and industrious. But, basic conditions also need to be created for the people to become basically sound and industrious. It is the two way traffic. To control something, we need something more powerful than it. However, there is nothing but soul that is mightier than highly potent individual minds. Until now, our medical world has discerned out that sadness, melancholy, stress and depression (the qualities dearest to the heart of Hobbes) are related to imbalanced biochemical reactions. However, our physical world being supported by our psychological world, the whole range of biochemical reactions taking place in our body is linked with our thought pattern. Only when our thought process changes (of the common citizen and the rulers) the action process will also change. So, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed. When the Nations change for the better, world peace becomes the reality. It is in this context, all the texts, all the theories, targeting peace need to be understood. 1. Explain as concisely and precisely as possible how Kant weds a pessimistic realism to an optimistic idealism in his political teaching.  The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed relating to the ambitious wars between the kings, violence under the flag of religion, territorial victories and defeats, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—enough, these alone are enough. Kant said it long ago, in his own style. Traditions of historical thought are related to historical continuity. There are certain timeless issues, to which all scholars swearing by any school of thought must apply. Some see contradictions in the views of the authors in Realism and Liberalism. The area of confusion is, â€Å"On the one hand, the issues of war and peace provide a basis for continuity while, on the other, these authors are used to furnish contemporary theories with philosophical roots that lie outside the definition of the discipline. That is, Hobbes provides a theory of human nature and the state which underpin contemporary theories of power politics between states. Similarly, Liberals use the work of Kant to underline the domestic bases of international conflict and cooperation. In both cases, the attraction of the classics seems to lie in their holistic – or interdisciplinary – approach to social and political life which denotes a fundamental difference in the intellectual context of classical and contemporary theory.† (Classical†¦) 2. Specify exactly where Kant reveals his Hobbesian views. â€Å"Establishing the concrete nature of the intellectual context of classical texts is, thus, important for any conscious reflection on the limits and possibilities of the definition of International Relations and its core concerns. And here again we find that the invention and use of classical traditions for the purpose of defining and structuring contemporary theoretical as well as political debates is often characterized by a lack of attention to specific historical continuities and discontinuities.†(Classical†¦.). Hobbes for Realism and Kant for Liberalism are often quoted. Many debates between these approaches are presented as ‘timeless.’ In the International politics their application is one of understanding to a particular situation, and the identical situation in two countries, may invite different types of response. Hobbes is known as the natural law philosopher. He lived during the most tumultuous period of the European history. The socio-political then prevailing had a profound bearing on his theories and as for his assessment of human nature, he was thoroughly pessimistic. According to Hobbes, a human being is guided by self-interests, and if this craze is not properly checked, the consequences would be highly destructive. He will be at war with his fellow beings. The instinct for survival makes one give respect and take respect. One renounces one’s rights to secure them, one abhors violence to seek protection and guarantee from violence. â€Å"One of the interesting elements of Hobbes’s story is that concepts like morality, liberty, justice, property, etc. have no natural, intrinsic or eternal meaning.   They are pure social constructions. As history has shown no set of values will last forever but will evolve as circumstances change† What Hobbes and Kant wrote is in an entirely different context of International Relations as applicable to that era. The importance of theories of Kant or Hobbes becomes less important sometimes, and the objective to be gained holds relevance. In the final analysis, economic or political gains are important, and the ‘timeless’ views of Kant go hand in hand with the Hobbesian views. 3. Exactly what makes him think that law and order are possible in international politics? Globalization is the watchword for the twentieth century. Technological advancement and internet revolutions are pushing the concept of globalization very fast, prompting the politicians to move in that direction. They are left with no other choice. The views of the classical authors hold even well today and they play an important role in International Relations. Whether Kant believes in the relevance of his theories as for contemporary International Relations or not, the present day International Relations specialists do, and make intensive and extensive use and application of such texts. Realists quote Hobbes, and liberals Kant. Conclusion: Hobbes saw laws as commands. He had his special ideas about the legitimacy of laws and power of governments. He is the ardent supporter of the rule of law. However, one notices latent similarity between their apparently dissimilar views, quite often. Sometimes, the mouth of Kant speaks, through the heart of Hobbes. In yet another occasion, the mouth Hobbes speaks through the heart of Kant. They seem to walk together on a parallel path. References Cited: Kant, Immanuel: Book: Perpetual Peace: Paperback: 72 pages Publisher: Cosimo Classics (November 1, 2005) Language: English ISBN-10: 1596055499 ISBN-13: 978-1596055490 Article: Classical Theory in International Relations – Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521866859;ss=exc – 35k –Retrieved on December 9, 2007 How to cite Immanuel Kant `To Perpetual Peace`, Essay examples

Essay On The Salem Witch Trials Example For Students

Essay On The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during 1692 resulted in nineteen innocent men and women being hanged, one man pressed to death, and in the deaths of more than seventeen who died in jail. It all began at the end of 1691 when a few girls in the town began to experiment with magic by gathering around a crystal ball to try to find the answer to questions such as what trade their sweet harts should be of . This conjuring took place in the Parris household where a woman named Tituba, an Indian slave, headed the rituals. Soon after they had begun to practice these rituals, girls who had been involved, including the Master Parris daughter and niece, became sick. They had constant fits, twitched, cried, made odd noises, and huddled in corners. The family called in doctors, and they were treated for many illnesses. Nothing helped. Many weeks later after running out of reasons for their strange behavior, all of their symptoms seemed to lead to one belief, The evil hand is upon them . They were possessed by the Devil. At first the families of the children could not find anyone to accuse for being the witch responsible for possessing the children. Then, late in February of 1692, Parris neighbor, Mary Sibley recommended that Parris slaves, Tituba and John Indian, should work a spell to try to find the culprits. Even after trying this solution the girls condition worsened, and the people responsible still had not been found. The girls began to see hazy shadows and believed that these shadows were of the people who had done this to them. After more and more children became victims of this, the hunting for the witches who were to blame for the girls sickness began to get more serious. By the end of February 1692, not one, but three witches had been named. These women were Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba, all residents of Salem Village. Tituba, like Good, was very poor. She worked as a servant in the Parris home and was a Carib Indian born in Barbados in the We st Indies. Reverend Parris brought Tituba to New England when he was still a merchant, and after this she married John Indian who also worked as slave for Reverend Parris. Tituba was the person asked to aid with the girls illnesses by making a witchs cake to find their culprit and after this did not work, she was arrested four days later for being a witch herself. Each of these three women was examined by local Salem officials before they were sent off to await trial in a Boston jail. The girls, who these witches had supposedly inflicted sickness upon, were also present during these trials to show the court how much pain the three women had caused. During the trial Sarah Good kept insisting that she was not guilty but rather that she had been wrongly accused. When asked why she hurts the innocent children she responded, I do not hurt them. I scorn it.Then, she attempted to shift all blame onto Sarah Osborne who in turn responded with disbelief. She said that she was more like to be bewitched than she was a witch. While Good and Osborne were trying to defend themselves, Tituba confessed, most likely in fear of her Master, Reverend Parris. When asked who was to blame for all the possessed girls she responded, The devil for aught I know.Tituba told the whole court about her pact with the Devil and the type of wonderful things he gave her in retur n for her service and loyalty to him. Then, after she was done telling her story, when the magistrate asked her who she had seen doing the witchcraft, Tituba says, Goody Osborn and Sarah Good and I do not know who the other were. Sarah Good and Osborn would have me hurt the children but I would not . . . So according to Tituba there were still witches out there bewitching innocent children. .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .postImageUrl , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:hover , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:visited , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:active { border:0!important; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:active , .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua189b1a2b78b31d550da31881d6c729a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: optimism in the candide EssayAfter Titubas confession, the entire community of Salem increased their efforts to find the witches who were bringing such horrible events to their village. The

Poem Research and Analysis Dressmaker

The poem Dressmaker written by Éireann Lorsung is an example of a blank verse. It is not a fixed form of poetry, and the author does not have to follow certain rhyming patterns or structure. Overall, this literary work demonstrates that poetry can explore different themes and subjects and that it can highlight the richness and diversity of human experiences. This is one of the points that can be made.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Poem Research and Analysis: Dressmaker specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this poem, the author focuses on the work of a dress-maker who handles textiles, needles, pins, and so forth. This is the main subject of this poem. This text is full of words that may not be familiar to the wide audience. For instance, one can mention Burano lace or cinnabar (Lorsung unpaged). However, one can say that the subject significantly differs from the theme of this poem, and this literar y work has a much deeper meaning. It seems that Éireann Lorsung focuses the richness of human perception and the inability of words to render the feelings and emotions of an individual. This is one of the main ideas that the writer emphasizes in Dressmaker. By looking at this poem from this perspective, one can better understand this literary work and the message that the writer wanted to convey. Éireann Lorsung wants the readers to be interested both in the subject and the theme of the poem. For instance, the author gives readers insights into the work of a tailor and his/her experiences. The writer achieves this goal in a very unusual way; namely she includes the terms that are often used by dress-makers and uses them in a poetic way. This is one of the details that immediately attract the attention of the readers. One can argue that the theme of this work is also worth attention. Éireann Lorsung skillfully demonstrates the complexity and richness of human sensations a nd she does it by relying on vivid imagery, musical devices, and so forth. In this way, the writer explores the complexity of individual’s feelings and emotions. This is one of main aspects that should be emphasized. Another issue that should be discussed is the musical devices that Éireann Lorsung adopts in this work. In particular, one can speak about the repetition of words and sounds, especially consonants. For example, one can look at the following line, ‘’Nothing touches like tan velvet touches† (Lorsung unpaged). In this case, the writer employs consonance when describing the experience of the character.Advertising Looking for research paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, one should pay more attention to the figurative language of the author. For instance, one can speak about personification. This means that the author ascribes the actions of a human being to inanimate objects. When Éireann Lorsung speaks about textiles, the author uses the following words, â€Å"Now the cracks come because what gives without taking?†(Lorsung unpaged). In this case, the author strongly relies on irony when depicting the experiences of the character. The most important idea of this poem is that every person has very rich sensations, and this person can use complex language in order to describe these feelings and emotions. The poem evokes an image of a tailor who tries to express poetic feelings with the help of the language that is most familiar to his or her. This image can be critical for understanding this literary work. On the whole, this poem can be of some interest to the readers because it can illustrate the poetry can take a great number of forms. Moreover, it can explore various forms. This is one of the reasons why it is worth reading. The unusual imagery and word choices of the author single out the poem Dressmaker among ma ny others. Works Cited Lorsung, Éireann 2007. Dressmaker. Web. https://poets.org/poem/dressmaker. This research paper on Poem Research and Analysis: Dressmaker was written and submitted by user Harvey Cole to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Teaching methodology Essays

Teaching methodology Essays Teaching methodology Essay Teaching methodology Essay In analyzing second language teaching methodology, there are three important underlying interrelated terms that must be considered: approach, design, and technique. Long Richards (1987, p.146) mention in their article on the subject that Anthony (1963) originally made the distinction and clarified language-teaching methodology into these three central terms. Long Richards (1987, p.146) also point out that Anthonys (1963) distinction has been since tailored and therefore methodology is generally referred to by speaking of approach, design, and procedure. These three terms will be defined and then used to describe and critically analyze two popular second language-teaching methods: The Natural Approach and Community Language Learning. Approach:  A SLT methods approach in language teaching is based both on theory of language and theory of language learning. Teachers of second languages all naturally or academically attain or accept some theory of how learners learn language and how language is constructed in terms of the various components that comprise it (affixes, words, conjuncts, verbs, sentences, etc, etc.). A methods approach is therefore the basis on what the teacher believes are the means by which learners acquire language and, subsequently, how they go about teaching the L2 in the classroom via their chosen materials and teaching techniques. In further discussing approach and theory of language, it will be helpful to mention three prominent theories relating to second language teaching methodology which have bearing on approach, design, and procedure: the structural view, the functional view, and the interactional view. In a more concerted sense with respect to design, for example, these theories will have varying effects on the roles of the teachers and students within the classroom. The structural view sees language as a system of structurally related elements for the coding of meaning. (Long Richards, 1987, p.147). Teachers employing this theory in their teaching method, for example, will likely focus their syllabus design and choice of materials on the structural elements of language such as grammar and its functions.  The functional view sees language as a vehicle for the expression of meaning. (Long Richards, 1987, p.147). Teachers employing this view in their teaching method will likely focus their syllabus design and choice of materials less on language form and more on performing language actions from a semantic, rather than grammatical, point of view. The interactional view sees language as a vehicle for the realization of interpersonal relations and for the performance of social transactions between individuals. (Long Richards, 1987, p.147). Teachers employing this view in their teaching method, for example, may focus their syllabus design and choice of materials less on grammatical structure or functionality and more on the discovery of language content through interpersonal communication. (Some examples of common approaches had been provided in Appendix A) Design concerns the instructional materials and the corresponding activities teachers utilize in the classroom. In designing a curriculum or syllabus for SL courses, there are two factors that teachers consider: what to talk about (subject matter) and how to talk about it (linguistic matter) (Long Richards, 1987: p.148).  According to Long Richards (1987: p.148), there are four conditions in terms of design: The content of instruction (i.e. syllabus), learner roles in the system, teacher roles in the system, and instructional material types and functions. Richards Rodgers (1986) further add to these considerations: (These conditions will be discussed and used later to analyze the two methods in question). Design is the level of method analysis in which we consider: (a) the objectives; (b) the syllabus; (c) learning tasks and teaching activities (d) learner roles; (e) teacher roles; and (f) the role of instructional materials. (Richards Rodgers, 1986: p.24)  Procedure comprises the classroom practices which are consequences of particular approaches and designs. (Long, M. Richards, J., 1987, p. 146). In other words, the technical or procedural constituent (how the teacher goes about teaching) in SLT methodology is directly related and affected by a methods approach and course design. Depending on how the teacher views SLA and, for example, what materials he or she chooses for course work, a SL teachers classroom procedures will vary considerably. Other factors such as class length, environment, or class size will have relevance on the techniques or procedures used by teachers as well. A teacher employing the Grammar Translation Approach, for example, may design his or her curriculum around slightly difficult texts and little else. The teachers techniques may therefore include presenting the language content in the form of unrelated sentences that the students would then translate into the L1. The teachers instruction of the grammatical points would most likely be in the L1 and other language variables, such as listening comprehension or pronunciation, would have little importance in the drills conducted in class. Grammar instruction provides the rules for putting words together; instruction often focuses on the form and inflection of words. Reading of difficult texts is begun early in the course of study. Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical analysis. Often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected sentences from the target language into the mother tongue, and vice versa. Little or no attention is given to pronunciation. (Mora, J.K., 1999) Contrarily, those employing the Direct Approach would most likely use no L1 in the classroom and would not include the translation of grammar. The teaching procedure for classroom exercises and drills would most likely be the elicitation of a story or dialogue from the student through student directed questions followed by a series of teacher questions (for example yes/no, or, or 5W questions) to be answered in the L2 by the students. Teachers may reverse this role and consequently have the students ask the questions to each other or to the teacher. Grammar is therefore not presented textually and is taught inductively through the controlled use of the L2 based on target language or topics contained within the classroom materials.  The mother tongue is NEVER, NEVER used. There is no translation. The preferred type of exercise is a series of questions in the target language based on the dialogue or an anecdotal narrative. Questions are answered in the target language. Grammar is taught inductivelyrules are generalized from the practice and experience with the target language. (Mora, J.K., 1999) With these definitions and examples in mind, we can now utilize them in describing and analyzing two prominent methods of second language teaching: The Natural Approach and Community Language Learning (CLL).  METHOD DESCRIPTION AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS #1:  THE NATURAL APPROACH  The Natural Approach (Terrell, 1977; 1982) is the term coined for the approach proposed by Tracy Terrell (1977) based on his methodological deductions in teaching Spanish to second language learners in California. In order to situate a theoretical foundation for his proposed approach to second language teaching, Terrell collaborated with Stephen Krashen, an applied linguist at the University of California (Richards Rodgers, 1986: 178), whose naturalistic theories on second language acquisition (Language Acquisition Theory: Krashen, 1981; 1982) have had significant influence on applied linguistics in recent years. Terrell and Krashens basis for their collaborated Natural Approach (the NA) (Krashen Terrell, 1983) shares common convention with the Natural Method (Saveur, L. 1826-1907) and the Direct Method. However, as the foundations of these methods are commonly based on the natural components of first language acquisition, the basis of the Natural Approach (Krashen Terrell, 1983) stems from Krashen Terrells naturalistic views on second language acquisition.  In the Natural Approach there is emphasis on exposure, or input, rather than practice; optimizing emotional preparedness for learning; a prolonged period of attention to what the language learners hear before they try to produce language; and a willingness to use written and other materials as a source of comprehensible input. (Richards Rodgers, 1986: p.178)

Advertising and promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Advertising and promotion - Essay Example Different brands are differentiated by the creation of unique brand logos, brand names, brand values and brand designs as well as typefaces. The first step towards development of a brand is the assessment of the business, how it operates, and the kind of messages to be sent to the consumers. The company should work out its product competencies, assess the existing and potential customer, and find out the feeling of the customers about the brands after which the company considers the development of a new brand within its current customer perception. This is then followed by putting all elements together and creation of the brand (Clifton, 2010). A good example is Reebok from Adidas Group and Jordan Brand from Nike Inc, both which are sports wear brands. Creation of the Reebok brand was inspired by its fitness and its commitment to consumers by empowering them to be fit for life. The success of this product is based on its courage to challenge convention in innovative products developm ent and in the creation of new markets. The Reebok brand comes with different designs, color and strap lines. Despite of these different designs, the brand is highly differentiated with features which persuade customers to love it and even come more loyal to the brand. The Reebok brand and the entire Adidas Group are highly focused on the environment as part of its Corporate Social Responsibility. The company has developed an effective strategy to manage environmental impacts and risks from its brands, and this has promoted its brands value. The creation of Jordan Brand from Nike Inc was inspired by the dynamic legacy, vision and the direct involvement of Michael Jordan. The brand comprises of apparel, footwear and accessories. The creation of the brand was based on the assessment of the existing and the potential customers and the definition of the core competencies of the company. Different brand design, color, different brand names under the shelter of Jordan Brand and strap line s are parts of the Jordan Brand and its different images. The different designs of the Jordan Brand attract different consumers depending on their needs. With the use of different designs, the company is able to persuade different customers to love and like the brand and even increase brand loyalty. The brand values of Jordan Brand are indicated by its Corporate Social Responsibility towards investing in the community in sectors like creativity, sport and education. The engagement of the Jordan Brand in the community has mad the brand to remain active in the market as it has promoted the brand value. Section B: Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Market segmentation is the process of subdividing the larger market into segments with similar wants, needs and market characteristics. It involves the identification of market portion which are distinct from each other in order to better satisfy all the needs of the consumers. Market segmentation can be achieved by dividing the market geographically, demographically, in terms of their behavior and psychology (Cant, Strydom and Jooste, 2009). Targeting is the process of selecting a certain group in the market in which the company intends to focus its advertising efforts. Targeting can also refer to a group of like minded individuals who are inclined towards similar products and who

The history of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of Jazz - Essay Example r can be recognized with her sultry, sensuous voice which sounds intimate in small club settings and the same soars with passionate intensity in the festival arena (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). â€Å"Whether it’s Ellington or Sting, Ms. Anderson’s interpretation of a song is infectious.† (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). The lady has been absolutely charming and vivacious on stage and her joy in the music has been delighting audiences from Sweden to Japan (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). The jazz expert has already recorded over 30 albums and has performed at all the major jazz festivals along with receiving four Grammy nominations (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). Ernestine has been one of the 75 women who were selected for the book, I Dream a World: Portraits of Black Women Who Changed America, by Pulitzer Prize winning photographer Brian Lanker (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). Some of Ernestine’s popular expertise encompasses Hot Cargo in 1958, Never Make Your Move Too Soon in 1981, Big City in 1983, Now and Then in 1993, Blues, News & Love News in 1996, Isn’t It Romantic in 1998, etc. (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). Apart from down-home blues, poignant ballads and sassy swing are also her specialties (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). Her all-time favorite, blues is a vocal and instrumental form of music which is based on the blue notes (â€Å"Blues†). The typical instruments of blues encompass guitar, piano, harmonica, bass, drums, saxophone, vocals, trumpet and trombone (â€Å"Blues†). Its most popular derivative form is jazz (â€Å"Blues†). Among Ernestine’s stunning success, Never Make Your Move Too Soon recorded in 1981 and Now and Then recorded in 1993 are worth listening. Both the recordings reflect her as a virtuoso of the blues and both have been a Grammy nominee (â€Å"Ernestine Anderson† 1). Both the recordings reveal a true jazz and blues vocalist extraordinaire. The title song of the album Never Make Your Move Too Soon on track number one is typical of her

Music Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Research

Music Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) | Research CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å" Music gives a soul to the universe, wings to the mind,  flight to the imagination and life to everything† Plato Head injury (Traumatic Brain Injury) is defined as an insult to the brain, not a degenerative or cognitive nature, but caused by an external physical force, that produces a diminished or altered level of consciousness which results in impairment in cognitive abilities or physical functioning. (American Head Injury Foundation, 2012) Traumatic Brain Injury can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Approximately half of severely head injured patients will need surgery to remove or repair hematomas or contusions. Some common disabilities include problems with cognition, sensory processing, communication and problems with behaviour or mental health. (Newman, 2003) Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are the sixth leading cause of death in India with a greater share of hospitalizations, deaths, disabilities and socioeconomic losses in young and middle-age populations. It also place a huge burden on the health sector in terms of pre hospital, acute care and rehabilitation. (WHO, 2012) Almost 10 million head injuries occur annually, about 20 % of which are serious enough to cause brain damage. Among men under 35 years, accidents, usually motor vehicle collisions are the chief cause of death and > 70 % of these involve head injury. Furthermore, minor head injuries are so common that almost all physicians will be called upon to provide immediate care or to see patients who are suffering from various sequels. (Allan H Ropper, 2011) The advancement in medicine and technology has increased the survival rate of patients with head injury and many of them do have various disabilities. When injury is severe or even minor it lead to large number of behavioural and cognitive problems with the physical disability. Each patient represents a unique disabilities which include physical, visual, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities. Sensory Stimulation Programmes are usually started in the Neuro Intensive Care Unit and should be continued in rehabilitation. This may include tactile, olfactory, visual, gustatory and auditory. (Ellen Barkers, 2002) Music is a magical medium and a very powerful tool. Music can delight all the senses and inspire every fiber of being. Its multidimensional nature touches the individual’s physical and psychological levels of consciousness suggested that music exerts its effect through the entertainment of body rhythms. (Wilson Parsons, 2002) Music has been used as a healing force for centuries. Appolo is god of music and of medicine. Aesculapius was said to cure diseases of the mind by using song and music. Aristotle taught that music affects the soul and described music as a force that purified the emotions. Aulus cornelius advocated the sound of cymbals and running water for the treatment of mental disorders. Music therapy goes back to biblical times, when David played the harp to rid King Saul of a bad spirit. In the thirteenth century, Arab hospitals contained music-rooms for the benefit of the patients. Music therapy began in the aftermath of World Wars I and II. Musicians would travel to hospitals, particularly in the United Kingdom and play music for soldiers suffering from war-related emotional and physical trauma. (Lee Mathew, 2000) Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) is the therapeutic application of music to treat cognitive, sensory and motor dysfunctions that come from neurologic impairment. The treatment is based on stimulating music perception and production parts in the human brain. The targeted neurologic disorders like Stroke, Autism, Huntington’s disease, Cerebral palsy, Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disease affecting cognition, movement and communication (mild , moderate or severe traumatic brain injury). (Blosser DePompei, 1994) Need for the Study: Everyday men, women and children suffer head injuries. A fall, a car accident, a sports injury – these everyday injuries can range in severity from concussion to coma. Traumatic Brain Injury can be fatal or, in survivors, can produce persistent problems that significantly affect the livelihood and well-being of millions around the globe. Ninety-five percent of trauma victims in India do not receive optimal care during the â€Å"golden hour† period after an injury is sustained, in which health care administration is critical. (Indian Head Injury Foundation, 2010) The annual global incidence rates of traumatic brain injury ranges from 91 per 100,000 populations to 546 per 100,000. The traumatic brain injury constitutes 70–90% of all head injuries, with rates of hospital treatment ranging from 100 to 300 per 100,000 populations per annum. This high variability in incidence is due to sampling of population ranging from only hospitalized patients to all the patients who visit emergency department. A large number of cases are not treated at hospitals; the actual rate is possibly in excess of 600 per 100,000 cases. There is bimodal distribution of brain injury with peaks at age group 15–24 years and after 65 years. (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010) The annual national incidence rates among 28 states of India, the mortality rate per million population due to road traffic accident. A varied from as low as 20 in Nagaland to as high as 216 in Tamil Nadu. States with rapid and high growth in motorization had a higher number of deaths. Nearly half of the total road fatalities were in the 4 states of India, Tamil Nadu (14.5%), Andhra Pradesh (11.4%), Maharashtra (11.1%) and Uttar Pradesh (10.2%). (National Crime Records Bueareau, 2005) A combination of neurological and neuropsychological deficits seems to contribute to residual handicap in patients with head injury. Neurological deficits include motor deficit (55%), ataxia (49%) and anosmia (46 %) along with memory impairment, poor initiativeness and increasing irritability. Among them very least could return to their occupation and occupational and psychological rehabilitation may found to be more effective. (Zebenlozer and Oder, 1998) Over the past few decades major advancements have been made in the management of patients with traumatic brain injury and significant improvements have been made in their care in the pre hospital and emergency department settings. Patients with complex, multisystem trauma are admitted to critical care unit and these patients require complex care. (Lind D Urden, 2010) Rehabilitation is an important part of the recovery process for a traumatic brain injury patient. The patients with brain injury are completely dependent on health care providers to meet all their needs. Rehabilitation should begin as soon as possible after brain injury patient is stable, often with 24-48 hrs after resuscitation. The overall goal of rehabilitation after a traumatic brain injury is to improve the patients ability to function at home and in society. (Davis White, 1995) Music therapy benefits patients across the spectrum, from premature infants in neonatal intensive care units responding to lullabies to swing band numbers in elderly Alzheimer’s patients’ moods and appetites. Involving the primary care givers take care in auditory stimulation program will helps in continuity of care and also helps to reduce cost of care. (German, 2003) Broca’s area is important in processing the sequencing of physical movement and in tracking musical rhythms. It is critical for converting thought into spoken words. Scientists speculate, therefore, that Broca’s area supports the appropriate timing, sequencing, and knowledge of rules that are common and essential to music, speech, and movement. The brain areas involved in music are also active in processing language, auditory perception, attention, memory, executive control, and motor control. Music efficiently accesses and activates these systems and can drive complex patterns of interaction among them. (Michael Thaut Gerald Mclntosh, 2010) Complementary and alternative therapies are now the fastest growing areas of health care. Music therapy is one of the best and cheapest alternative methods. Teaching the care giver about the auditory stimulation helps to promote care and satisfaction to the patient. For many individuals, music is a source of pleasure and therefore more preferable. Hence the researcher believes that the use of auditory stimulation for patients with brain injury provides the rehabilitative as well as physical assistance with most cost effective manner. Statement of the Problem: A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Auditory Stimulation on Motor and Verbal Responses among Patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit with Traumatic Brain Injury at Selected Hospitals, Salem. Objectives: To assess the motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury in experimental group and control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury in experimental group and control group. To associate motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury with their selected demographic variables in experimental and control group. Operational Definitions: Effectiveness: Improvement of motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury after implementing auditory stimulation along with routine nursing care as observed by Glasgow Coma Scale Score. Auditory Stimulation: In this study it refers to auditory stimulation in which classical instrumental music therapy is given to patients with traumatic brain injury using I pod for twenty minutes for three times a day. Motor function: In this study it refers to patient actively moving upper extremities or lower extremities as response towards the auditory stimulation with best motor response 6 in G C S score. Verbal response: In this study it refers to ability of the patient to respond orally towards the auditory stimulation with maximum GCS Score of 5. Traumatic brain injury: It refers to injury to the brain resulting from external mechanical force such as violent blow or jolt to the head. In this study it refers to patients diagnosed to have traumatic brain injury with GCS between 8 -12. Assumptions: Sensory stimulation may increase the motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury. Nurses can enroll music therapy as a simple nursing intervention to promote the well being among patients with traumatic brain injury. Hypotheses: H1:There will be a significant difference in the pre test and post test motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury after administering auditory stimulation in experimental group at P ≠¤ 0.05 level. H2:There will be a significant association between pretest scores on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury with their selected demographic variables in experimental group and control group at P ≠¤ 0.05 level. Delimitation: Study period is limited to 4 weeks. Projected Outcome: This study would help the nurses to enlighten their knowledge regarding auditory stimulation. Nurses can utilize music therapy as an integral part of their routine care to the brain injury patients. Conceptual Framework: Conceptual models are made up of concepts which are words describing the mental images of phenomena and proportions which are statements about concepts. It provides a schematic representation of some relationship among phenomenon. Ernestine Wiedenbach, (1964) proposed a prescriptive theory for nursing which is described as conceiving of a desired situation and the ways to attain it. Prescriptive theory directs action towards an explicit goal. The present study is based on the concept of providing auditory stimulation to patients with traumatic brain injury patients. The investigator adopted Wiedenbach’s Helping Nursing Art Theory (1964). This theory, describes the desired situation and way to be attained. It directs action towards the explicit goals. This theory has three factors Central purpose Prescription Reality Central Purpose: It refers to what a nurse wants to accomplish. It is an overall goal towards which a nurse strives. The central purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury Prescription: It refers to the plan of action for the patient. It will specify the nature of the action that will fulfil the nurse’s central purpose. The prescription of this study is providing auditory stimulation to patients with traumatic brain injury . Reality: It refers to the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual factors that come into play in situation involving the nurses. The five realities identified by Widenbach’s are agent, recipient, goal, mean activities frame work. According to this theory, nursing practice consist of 3-steps, which are all guiding the researcher to attain the desired objectives. Step – I Identifying the need for help. Step – II Ministering the needed help. Step – III Validating that the need for help was met. Step-I: This involves determining the need for help. The investigator assesses motor and verbal response among patients with traumatic brain injury by Glasgow Coma Scale score and demographic variables through the structured interview schedule. Step-II: After identification of the patient’s needs ,the researcher facilitate the plan for care and implement it. In this study , the researcher provided auditory stimulation to the experimental group. Wiedenbach theory defines the five realities: Agent: Nurse Investigator. Recipient: Patients with traumatic brain injury. Goal: To determine the effectiveness of auditory stimulation on motor and verbal responses among patients with traumatic brain injury. Means and activities: Implementation of music therapy. Frame work and facilities : Sri Gokulam Specialty Hospital and Sri Gokulam Hospital Step-III: This is accomplished by means of validation of the prescription. It is done through the pretest and posttest assessment of the motor function and verbal response among patients with traumatic brain injury. If there are no significant changes in the perceived behaviour we need to reconstruct the experience to ascertain step – I II. Not included in study Figure-1.1: Conceptual Frame Work Based on Modified Wiedenbach’s Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory (1964) on Effectiveness of Auditory Stimulation on Motor and Verbal Responses among Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Summary: This chapter dealt with introduction, need for the study, statement of the problem, objectives, operational definitions, assumptions, delimitations, projected outcome and conceptual framework

What gave rise to urbanisation in the mediterranean Essay -- essays re

â€Å"What gave rise to urbanisation in the Mediterranean region?† What is urbanisation? To ‘urbanise’ is to ‘make (a rural area) more industrialized and urban’ , urban meaning ‘of or living in a city or town’ . Marja C.V. Vink argues that â€Å"The word urbanization was used for the first time in Spain a little more than one hundred years ago† to show the â€Å"quantitative and qualitative growth if cities† . The degree of urbanisation is quite different when comparing towns or cities of antiquity to the modern understanding of an urban centre; however, essentially it is the same process. When talking about the rise of urbanisation in the Mediterranean region 3 main civilisations spring to mind, firstly the Greeks who were inspired by advanced civilisations of the Near East. Secondly, the Etruscans who ruled central Italy from the eighth century to the third century B.C. when the last Etruscan cities fell to Rome. Etruria was bordered to the south by the River Tiber and to the north by the River Arno. City states developed in Etruria in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., and â€Å"by the last decades of the eighth century B.C. the centres which had undergone the process of urbanization and social diversification had acquired some of the status of cities.† Etruria flourished until the Gauls invaded in the fourth century B.C. From 616-509 Etruscan kings ruled over Rome. Finally, the Romans dating back to 753 B.C. with the founding of Rome by Romulus. Urbanisation is synonymous with cities. It seems impossible to consider a civilisation ‘urbanised’ if it does not have urban centres. So what is an urban centre? And why were these urban centres needed? Looking at what the cities consisted of can help one answer these questions. In Greece the most obvious choice for studying the process of urbanisation is Athens. I have chosen Marzabotto as the example of an urban centre for Etruria and finally, for the Roman Empire I have chosen Rome. These three cities all adapted to the needs of their population and the one thing common to all three is a cult centre. The first urban centres were certainly not Roman, however once urbanised Rome surpassed any of the Greek or former Etruscan cites in terms of monumentalisation. The Neolithic & Dark Age sees the beginning of domestication of plants and livestock, as well as the emergence of weaponry. With cultivation now possible peopl... ...biliography. Andersen, D., Urbanisation in the Mediterranean, 1997, Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. Barker, G., and Rasmussen, T., The Etruscans. 1998, Blackwell Publishers. Boitani, F., et.al. Etruscan Cities. 1973, Cassell and Company, London. Camp, D.M., The Athenian Agora, 1986, London. Easterling, P.E., and Muir, J.V., Greek Religion and Society. 1985, Cambridge. Lassus, J. The Early Christian and Byzantine World, 1967, Paul Hamlyn, London. Owens, E.J., The City in the Greek and Roman World. 1991, Routeledge, London and New York. Rykwert, J., The Idea of a Town. 1999, The MIT Press, London and Cambridge. Tomlinson, R., From Mycenae to Constantinople: The evolution of the Ancient City, 1992, Routeledge, London and New York. Ward-Perkins, J.B., Cities of Ancient Greece and Italy: Planning in Classical Antiquity. 1974, George Braziller, New York. Collins New Pocket English Dictionary, Harper Collins Publishers, 1992 Websites http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/classics/history/bronze_age/lessons/les/22.html#8 http://www.anistor.co.hol.gr/english/enback/e992.htm http://www.localcolorart.com/encyclopedia/Minoan_civilization/ http://www.cedarland.org/trade.html

A Comparison of Federal and Puerto Rican Employment Protections

Following the Industrial Revolution of the Nineteenth Century, the federal government of the United States pursued the enactment of various laws to protect the rights of individual laborers.This was primarily spawned at the insistence of labor unions, which were legalized in the same time period. Throughout the following century, a number of revisions and improvements were made upon these laws, to the point where at the present individual workers enjoy the full legal protections of the United States government at their places of employment.These federal statutes cover all areas from age discrimination to discrimination against those with disabilities. One major statute is based on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, which makes it illegal for an employer to discriminate against a worker on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.This applies to not only treatment on the job, but to all aspects of the employment process, including hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, job training, classification, and referral.Employers are prohibited from showing preference while advertising or recruiting. For example, an employer may not post advertisements for a position that are tailored exclusively to a particular gender, or insinuate during the hiring process that individuals fitting a certain description are more likely to be hired. (Department of Labor.)Falling under the same statute, employers cannot dismiss an employee for any of the above classifications, and cannot pay less on the basis of gender, race, etc. This was a common practice before the creation of such protections, as in many circumstances women were paid much less for working the same jobs that men were being paid much higher to complete.In addition to this, the federal statutes prohibit child labor, which means in most states that workers under the ages of 18 or 16 are subject to certain restrictions in the number of hours a week they may work, and other aspects of working the job including the use of tools and operation of machinery. (Department of Labor.)As well, Title I of the Americans With Disabilities Act prohibits employers of fifteen or more employees to discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities.This law is inapplicable in some circumstances. Obviously, if an individual is disabled in such a way so as to make them wholly unable to perform the duties of a given job, it is not considered discrimination for the employer to refuse to hire them. However, in some cases involving minor mental illness, where individuals are still able to adequately perform the function of a job, which may or may not require less skill, employers are not permitted to discriminate on the basis of the disability, and are subject to being penalized if they are discovered doing so. (Andrade.)The federal government left some areas of employment protection to be decided by the individual states. One example of this is minimum wage. Though there is a fairl y low standard of minimum wage established by the federal government, individual states may establish a higher minimum wage. In the case of Puerto Rico, the minimum wage is $5.15 per hour worked, though over the summer of 2006 members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation to raise this minimum wage to $5.40.This minimum wage only applies to employers who are covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Employers not covered by the FLSA may pay their workers much lower rates, close to $3.00 per hour. (Department of Labor.)Even so, Puerto Rico is said to have some of the most strictly regulated labor laws within United States jurisdiction. This is due in part to highly successful labor movements within the territory. All federal statutes regarding labor apply to states, and this includes territories such as Puerto Rico. If these regulations are not followed, the Department of Labor will intervene in some manner and enforce the law. At a minimum, Puerto Rica n labor laws must comply with the labor laws established by the federal government of the United States. (Andrade.)In some areas, Puerto Rico has gone above and beyond the minimum established standards. As mentioned, the House of Representatives has made an effort to raise the minimum wage. As well, the territory has established the Puerto Rico Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act of Puerto Rico (OSHA).Among other things, this act guarantees to each employee in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico â€Å"safe and healthful working conditions†. Employers must ensure that each employee has a job and jobsite free of hazards which may cause death or physical injury. (Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; Serrano.)Employers must also obey all occupational safety and health standards, and any rules or regulations that are applicable to the worksite. This includes federal statutes, as well as Puerto Rican laws.This is enforced through the use of inspections, which are conducted on the basis of priority in the following order: imminent danger, fatalities/catastrophes investigations, complaint/referral investigations, programmed inspections, and follow-up inspections to ensure that any necessary modifications have been carried out by the employer. An additional measure established a Boiler and Elevator Inspection Program, the title of which is self-explanatory.In this program, inspectors ascertain the safety of boilers and elevators on jobsites, judging all aspects including manufacture, installment, and safe operation. These measures, while adopted by several other states, are not specifically enforced or provided by the federal government.Contrary to the bad reputation that many labor sites outside of the continental United States have earned, Puerto Rico vigorously follows federal standards of employment protection, and has made initiatives to improve upon the federal model. With a decent mi nimum wage, laws promoting safe workplaces, and an administration in place that actively inspects employers to ensure the enforcement of these laws, Puerto Rico has been deemed by many to be a safe, profitable place for laborers to work.Works CitedAndrade, N (2006, October 4). Puerto Rico-State-Labor Law Center Blog. Retrieved October6, 2006, from Labor Law Center Web site: http://blog.laborlawcenter.com/category/state/puerto-ricoAuthor Unknown, (2006). Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Retrieved October6, 2006, from ToPuertoRico.org Web site: http://www.topuertorico.org/constitu.shtmlAuthor Unknown, Puerto Rico State Information Page. Retrieved October 6, 2006, from U.S.Department of Labor Web site: http://www.osha.gov/oshdir/stateprogs/Puerto_Rico.htmlSerrano, M, Labor Laws Weigh Heavily on Puerto Rico’s Employers. (2005, August 25). PuertoRico Herald, http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues2/2005/ vol09n34/ CBLaborLaws.shtml

Basic Japanese Language Vocabulary with Audio Files

When you are learning Japanese, it is essential to hear the words spoken. These audio words and phrases are grouped by topic and you can use them to learn to speak Japanese. Hiragana Pronunciation with Audio Files The following tables contains the 46 basic sounds found in Japanese. Click the link to listen the pronunciation of each hiragana character. (a) (i) (u) (e) (o) (ka) (ki) (ku) (ke) (ko) (sa) (shi) (su) (se) (so) (ta) (chi) (tsu) (te) (to) (na) (ni) (nu) (ne) (no) (ha) (hi) (fu) (he) (ho) (ma) (mi) (mu) (me) (mo) (ya) (yu) (yo) (ra) (ri) (ru) (re) (ro) (wa) (o) (n) Katakana Pronunciation with Audio Files   Here are the 46 basic Japanese sounds. Click the link to listen the pronunciation. (a) (i) (u) (e) (o) (ka) (ki) (ku) (ke) (ko) (sa) (shi) (su) (se) (so) (ta) (chi) (tsu) (te) (to) (na) (ni) (nu) (ne) (no) (ha) (hi) (fu) (he) (ho) (ma) (mi) (mu) (me) (mo) (ya) (yu) (yo) (ra) (ri) (ru) (re) (ro) (wa) (o) (n) Verbs Learning verbs when learning a new language is obviously very important. In the table below I have created a list of some of the most important verbs that someone new to Japanese should know.   If you are not familiar with Japanese verbs at all, follow this link to learn about verb groups and conjugations.  If you would like to hear the pronunciation of each verb, click the link and small audio file will play for you. Group 1 Verbs Dictionary Form(Basic Form) English Formal Form The ~ te Form aruku to walk arukimasu aruite asobu to play asobimasu asonde au to meet aimasu atte hairu to enter hairimasu haitte hajimaru to begin hajimarimasu hajimatte iku to go ikimasu itte kaeru to return kaerimasu kaette kakaru to take kakarimasu kakatte kaku to write kakimasu kaite kau to buy kaimasu katte kiku to listen kikimasu kiite matsu to wait machimasu matte motsu to have mochimasu motte narau to learn naraimasu naratte nomu to drink nomimasu nonde okuru to send okurimasu okutte omou to think omoimasu omotte oyogu to swim oyogimasu oyoide shiru to know shirimasu shitte suwaru to sit suwarimasu suwatte tatsu to stand tachimasu tatte tomaru to stop tomarimasu tomatte tsuku to arrive tsukimasu tsuite uru to sell urimasu utte utau to sing utaimasu utatte wakaru to understand wakarimasu wakatte warau to laugh waraimasu waratte yomu to read yomimasu yonde Group 2 Verbs kangaeru to think kangaemasu kangaete miru to see mimasu mite neru to sleep nemasu nete oshieru to teach oshiemasu oshiete taberu to eat tabemasu tabete Group 3 Verbs kuru to come kimasu kite suru to do shimasu shite At the Restaurant Click the link to hear the pronunciation.   ueitoresu waitress Irasshaimase. Welcome to our store. (Used as a greeting to customers in stores.) nanmei sama how many people (It is very polite way of saying how many people. Nannin is less formal.) futari two people kochira this way Sumimasen. Excuse me. menyuu menu Onegaishimasu. Please do me a favor. (A convenient phrase used when making a request.) Shou shou omachi kudasai. Please wait a moment. (formal expression) Douzo. Here you are. Doumo. Thanks. go-chuumon order boku I (informal, it is used by men only) sushi no moriawase assorted sushi hitotsu one (Native Japanese number) o-nomimono beverage Ikaga desu ka. Would you like ~? biiru beer morau to receive Kashikomarimashita. Certainly. (Literally means, I understand.) nanika anything Iie, kekkou desu. No, thank you. Rooms and Furnishings Click the link to hear the pronunciation.   heya room ima living room daidokoro kitchen shinshitsu bedroom toire bathroom genkan entrance niwa garden kabe wall tenjou ceiling yaneura attic yuka floor mado window Furniture kagu furniture tsukue desk hondana book shelf isu chair tansu chest of drawers beddo bed todana cupboard Appliances reizouko refrigerator reitouko freezer sentakuki washer kansouki dryer oobun oven denshi renji microwave suihanki rice cooker soujiki vacuum cleaner terebi TV More Audio Phrases and Words by Topic Animals: From bird to zebra, heres the menagerie. Body: These words are especially useful if you need medical help. Calendar: Months, days of the week, and seasons. Colors: All colors are treated as nouns. Listen to the rainbow. Dates: These follow a basic rule of the number plus nichi. Family: Learn how to talk about your family and somebody elses family. Foods: Basics for food, meals, and phrases related to eating. Greetings: The basic phrases you will need. Introducing People: Learn how to introduce people and hear the vocabulary and expressions. Location: Dont wander about lost. You need these phrases to get directions. Numbers: How to count in Japanese. On the Phone: How to speak a phone number, plus phrases you will need for a phone call in Japanese. Tea: How to order tea and how to  pronounce  different types of tea. Time: How to express the time of day and ask and answer questions about time. Travel: Words and expressions youll need when youre on the move. Useful Expressions: Simple yes, no, thanks, and other basics. Weather: How to talk about what its doing outside. Adjectives: from near to far, clean to dirty, youll want to know these modifiers. Adverbs: From always to never, together to separately.